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Try us risk-free. 🤗](/content/collections/best-sellers/index.html) [Mobile Nav](/content/pages/glossary# "Menu"/index.html) [Site Logotype](/content/site-root.html) [Cart (0)\\ \\ \\ Cart](/content/pages/glossary# "Cart"/index.html) [Home](/content/ "Home"/index.html) >Glossary # The Incontinence Glossary Explore the following terms to gain a deeper understanding of incontinence and treatment options that may be available. \* ## At Attn: Grace, we believe that knowledge is empowering. Whether you're seeking information for yourself or a loved one, we're here to support you on your journey towards greater confidence and comfort. If you have any questions or need further assistance, our team is here to help. [A](/content/pages/glossary#A/index.html) [B](/content/pages/glossary#B/index.html) [C](/content/pages/glossary#C/index.html) [D](/content/pages/glossary#D/index.html) [E](/content/pages/glossary#E/index.html) [F](/content/pages/glossary#F/index.html) [G](/content/pages/glossary#G/index.html) [H](/content/pages/glossary#H/index.html) [I](/content/pages/glossary#I/index.html) [J](/content/pages/glossary#J/index.html) [K](/content/pages/glossary#K/index.html) [L](/content/pages/glossary#L/index.html) [M](/content/pages/glossary#M/index.html) [N](/content/pages/glossary#N/index.html) [O](/content/pages/glossary#O/index.html) [P](/content/pages/glossary#P/index.html) [Q](/content/pages/glossary#Q/index.html) [R](/content/pages/glossary#R/index.html) [S](/content/pages/glossary#S/index.html) [T](/content/pages/glossary#T/index.html) [U](/content/pages/glossary#U/index.html) [V](/content/pages/glossary#V/index.html) [W](/content/pages/glossary#W/index.html) [X](/content/pages/glossary#X/index.html) [Y](/content/pages/glossary#Y/index.html) [Z](/content/pages/glossary#Z/index.html) A Acute Urinary Retention Acute urinary retention is a sudden and complete inability to empty the bladder, leading to a rapid buildup of urine. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt attention and intervention. Individuals experiencing acute urinary retention typically have a strong and urgent desire to urinate, but little to no urine is expelled. The condition may be caused by obstruction, neurological issues, infection, medications, or anesthesia. Symptoms may include lower abdominal pain, discomfort, and a visibly distended bladder. Anticholinergic Medications Anticholinergic medications are a class of drugs that block the effects of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Acetylcholine plays a role in the transmission of nerve signals and is involved in the regulation of various bodily functions, including muscle contractions, heart rate, and glandular secretions. Anticholinergics are used to reduce bladder spasms and control urinary incontinence associated with overactive bladder. Common side effects of the medications may include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and cognitive impairment. Areflexia Areflexia is a medical term that describes the absence or significant decrease of reflexes. Reflexes are involuntary responses or movements that occur in response to a specific stimulus, often involving the nervous system (such as the knee jerk reaction). Atonic Atonic is used in various medical contexts to describe a state of weakness or lack of muscle tone. This includes Atonic Bladder, which refers to the lack of normal muscle tone in the bladder, which can result in difficulty emptying the bladder completely. B Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. BPH is a common condition that occurs as men age, particularly in those over the age of 50. The cause is thought to be related to hormonal changes, which causes the prostate to gradually enlarge and compress the urethra, causing various urinary symptoms. Common symptoms include: frequent urination, difficulty starting or maintaining urination, incomplete emptying of the bladder, urgency, and straining during urination. While it is not cancerous, BPH does increase the risk of prostate cancer. Bladder The muscular organ located at the bottom of the abdomen that stores the urine produced by the kidneys. The urine stored in the bladder is then eliminated from the body through the urethra. Bladder Capacity Bladder capacity refers to the maximum amount of urine the bladder can hold comfortably before the sensation of needing to urinate is triggered. Bladder capacity can vary among individuals, and factors such as age, gender, and overall health may influence it. In adults, the typical bladder capacity is around 400-600 milliliters (ml). The feeling of needing to urinate usually occurs when the bladder is filled to about one-half or two-thirds of its capacity. Bladder Neck The bladder neck refers to the muscular region where the urinary bladder connects to the urethra. It is located at the base of the bladder and serves as a gateway for the passage of urine from the bladder to the urethra. It is a critical structure involved in the control of urine flow. Problems with the bladder neck can contribute to various urinary issues, including incontinence and difficulties with emptying the bladder. Bladder Scanning Bladder scanning refers to a non-invasive diagnostic procedure used to assess the volume of urine in the bladder. This technique is commonly employed to determine whether an individual’s bladder is adequately empty or if there is residual urine remaining after voiding. Bladder scanning is particularly useful in assessing urinary retention, monitoring bladder function, and guiding appropriation interventions. Bladder Training Bladder training is a behavioral therapy technique designed to help individuals gain better control over their bladder function, particularly in cases of urinary incontinence or overactive bladder. The primary goal of bladder training is to improve the ability to hold urine for longer periods and reduce the frequency of urges to urinate. Key components of bladder training may include: -Scheduled Voiding: Establishing a regular and consistent schedule for urination, rather than waiting until the need to void becomes urgent. This helps retrain the bladder to hold urine for longer periods of time Gradual Increase in Time Between Voiding: Over time, individuals are encouraged to gradually increase the time intervals between scheduled voids, allowing the bladder to stretch and accommodate larger volumes of urine. Delaying Urge: When the urge to urinate occurs, individuals practice delaying the urge by using relaxation techniques or distracting activities. This helps build the ability to postpone voiding. Fluid Management: Monitoring and adjusting fluid intake, especially avoiding excessive caffeine and alcohol, which can contribute to increased urgency and frequency. Kegel Exercises: Pelvic floor exercises may be incorporated to strengthen the muscles that aid in urgency suppression techniques. back to top C Candidiasis Candidiasis refers to a fungal infection caused by Candida species, with Candida albicans being the most common culprit. Candida is a type of yeast that naturally resides in various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract. It does not cause harm under normal circumstances. However, under certain conditions it can multiply and lead to an infection. Common types of candidiasis include: Oral Candidiasis (Thrush), Genital Candidiasis (Yeast Infection), Cutaneous Candidiasis, and Invasive Candidiasis. Coital Incontinence When women experience bladder leaks during sexual intercourse (penetration or during orgasm). This is more common in women that have already been diagnosed with stress incontinence or an overactive bladder. Cystitis Cystitis refers to the inflammation of the urinary bladder. It is a common condition that can result from a bacterial infection, irritation, or other factors. Cystitis is often characterized by symptoms such as pain or discomfort during urination, an increased frequency of urination, and an urgent need to urinate, Cystometry Cystometry is a medical diagnostic procedure used to assess the function and pressure within the bladder during the filling phase. It is commonly performed to evaluate bladder function and diagnose conditions related to urinary dysfunction, such as urinary incontinence and neurogenic bladder. During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into the bladder, and another catheter or pressure sensor may be placed in the rectum or vagina to measure abdominal pressure. The bladder is then slowly filled with sterile fluid, and measurements are taken to monitor the pressure inside the bladder and surrounding areas. The procedure can provide information about: bladder capacity, detrusor pressure, bladder compliance, detrusor overactivity, and urethral function. Cystoscopy Cystoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of a cystoscope, a thin tube with a light and a lens or a camera, to examine the inside of the urinary bladder and urethra. The procedure is most commonly used to: diagnose bladder conditions, evaluate lower urinary tract symptoms, and treat certain conditions. back to top D Detrusor Muscle Found in the bladder wall, this smooth muscle is responsible for bladder contraction during urination. These contractions force the urine out of the bladder and move it into the urethra. The muscle then relaxes once urination has taken place. Detrusor Instability Detrusor instability, also known as detrusor overactivity, is a urological condition characterized by involuntary and sudden contractions of the detrusor muscle. These contractions lead to an uncontrollable urge to urinate and can result in urinary incontinence. It is a common cause of overactive bladder (OAB). Detrusor instability may result from various factors, including bladder irritation, neurological conditions, or changes in bladder function due to aging. Diarrhea Diarrhea is a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by the passage of loose, watery, or unformed stools. It is often accompanied by an increased frequency of bowel movements. Diarrhea can be acute, lasting for a brief duration, or chronic, persisting for an extended period. Disposable Pads Disposable pads are absorbent products designed for personal hygiene use, particularly for managing menstrual flow or urinary incontinence. These pads are intended for single-use and are disposed of after each use. They are commonly made with absorbent materials and a moisture-proof backing to prevent leakage. Dyssynergia Dyssynergia is a term used in the context of muscle or organ function to describe a lack of coordination or cooperation between different parts that are normally working together in a synchronized manner. This incluse Urological Dyssynergia, which specifically refers to a dysfunction in the coordination between the detrusor muscle (the muscle that contracts to empty the bladder) and the external sphincter muscles (which control the release of urine from the urethra). In cases of urological dyssynergia, there may be difficulty with the normal coordination of these muscles during the voiding process, leading to problems such as incomplete emptying of the bladder or urinary retention . Dysuria Dysuria refers to pain, discomfort, or a burning sensation during urination. Individuals experiencing dysuria may feel pain or irritation in the urethra, which is the tube that carries the urine from the bladder out of the body. Dysuria is a symptom rather than a specific medical condition and can be associated with various underlying causes, including: UTIs, STIs, bladder inflammation, urethritis, kidney stones, trauma or injury, and chemical irritation. back to top E Electromyography Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of muscles and the nerves controlling them. EMG is commonly used in neurology, orthopedics, and physical medicine and rehabilitation to: assess muscle health, evaluate nerve function, and diagnose neurological conditions. The procedure involves the use of a needle electrode that is inserted into the designated muscle. The electrode records the electrical activity in the muscle during rest and contraction. EMG is used to aid in the diagnosis of neuromuscular problems in the lower urinary tract. Enuresis Enuresis is a medical term to describe the involuntary discharge of urine during sleep. Commonly known as “bedwetting”, the condition can affect both children and adults, but more commonly occurs in children. There are two types of enuresis: nocturnal enuresis, which refers to bedwetting that occurs at night while the person is asleep, and diurnal enuresis, which is less common and refers to involuntary daytime wetting. Causes of enuresis may include genetic factors, delayed maturation, hormonal factors, bladder dysfunction, and UTIs. Erosion/Denuding Erosion/Denuding is a term used in dermatology or skin care that describes the process of removing the outer layer of skin or causing the loss of skin tissue. This can happen due to certain skin conditions, injuries, or medical treatments. When this occurs, the protective epidermal layer of skin is lost, leaving the dermal layer exposed. It can be caused due to skin injury, skin conditions, medical treatments, and infections. Erythema Erythema is redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that is a common sign of various skin conditions. It can result from increased blood flow to the affected area. It is often visible as a red rash or discoloration of the skin and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as warmth, swelling, or tenderness. Its causes include infections, allergic reactions, inflammatory skin conditions, autoimmune disease, and sunburn. Estrogen Therapy Estrogen therapy is the medical use of estrogen hormones for therapeutic purposes. It is most commonly used in the context of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to address hormone imbalances, particularly in postmenopausal women or those who have undergone surgical removal of the ovaries. External Sphincter The external sphincter is a ring-like muscle that surrounds and controls the opening of a tubular structure in the body, typically a hollow organ or canal. For example, the voluntary release of urine from the bladder is controlled by the external urethral sphincter. An external sphincter also helps control the release of stool from the rectum. Dysfunction of the external sphincters can lead to conditions such as incontinence. back to top F Fecal Incontinence Different from urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence occurs when someone is unable to control their bowel movements. The amount of stool lost can range from a small amount to complete loss of bowel control. This type of incontinence is typically a sign of an underlying health condition. Female Urethra The female urethra is a tubular structure that serves as a passage for urine to exit the body from the bladder. Unlike in men, the primary function of the female urethra is to transport urine from the bladder. It is located near the clitoris and the vaginal opening, and is approximately 1.5 inches in length and is surrounded by two sphincter muscles, the internal and external urethral sphincters. The external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and part of the pelvic floor musculature. Flow Rate In the context of urinary function, flow rate refers to the rate at which urine is expelled from the bladder during urination. Urinary flow rate is a key parameter assessed in urology to evaluate the function of the lower urinary tract, including the bladder and urethra. Changes in urinary flow rate may be indicative of obstruction, bladder dysfunction, or other urological issues. Flushable Wipes Flushable wipes are pre-moistened wipes designed for personal hygiene and cleanliness. These wipes are often used as an alternative or complement to dry toilet paper, providing a more thorough and gentle cleaning experience. The moisture in these pads can be soothing especially for individuals with sensitive skin. The term “flushable” implies that these wipes can be flushed down the toilet, but proper disposal is important to maintain plumbing systems and prevent any blockages. Before flushing wipes, individuals should ensure they can be disposed of in that manner. Functional Incontinence Unlike other types of incontinence that are typically caused by an issue with the muscles, functional incontinence occurs when someone is not able to get to the toilet and undress in time due to a physical or mental illness, or disability. This includes such things as: Not knowing you need to use the toilet Issues locating a toilet due to memory loss Difficulty walking to a toilet Struggling getting to a toilet in time due to arthritis or dementia back to top G Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) is a long hollow tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume. The major components of the GI tract include: the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus. Disruptions or disorders in any part of the GI tract can lead to digestive problems and impact overall health. Genitourinary (GU) Genitourinary refers to the combined system of the genital and urinary organs. The genitourinary system encompasses various organs and structures that play roles in reproduction and the elimination of waste through the urinary tract. Genital organs include the male and female reproductive systems, and urinary organs including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. back to top H Hematuria Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. The blood may be visible to the naked eye (gross hematuria), resulting in red or pink discoloration of the urine, or it may be microscopic (microscopic hematuria), detectable only under a microscope. It can be a sign of an underlying medical condition affecting the urinary system. Causes of hematuria can vary, and may include: UTIs, kidney stones, trauma, bladder or kidney infections, enlarged prostate, bladder or kidney cancer, and inherited disorders. Hesitancy Hesitancy refers to a delay or difficulty in initiating the flow of urine. It is a symptom commonly associated with issues related to the lower urinary tract. The delay may be accompanied by a sense of incomplete bladder emptying or a weakened urinary stream. Causes in men may include benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate inflammation, urethral stricture, and neurological issues. Hesitancy is most commonly observed in men, especially as they age. Hesitancy can also be caused in women by genitourinary syndrome of menopause, behavioral dysfunctional voiding, and neurological disease. Hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis is a medical condition characterized by the dilation or swelling of one or both kidneys. It occurs when urine cannot drain properly from the kidneys to the bladder, leading to the backup of urine and an enlargement of one or both kidneys. Common causes include kidney stones, urinary tract obstructions, enlarged prostate, pregnancy, and vesicoureteral reflux. While it may be asymptomatic in the early stages, as it progresses it can cause symptoms such as flank pain, abdominal pain, urinary urgency, and changes in urination. It can also cause kidney damage over time. Hyperreflexia Hyperreflexia, also known as hyperactive reflexes, is a condition characterized by excessively responsive or exaggerated reflexes. Reflexes are normally regulated by the central nervous system. In hyperreflexia, there is an abnormal increase in the strength and speed of these reflex responses. Causes included spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, stroke, brain tumors, and certain neurodegenerative disorders. back to top I Incontinence Incontinence is the condition in which one experiences the involuntary loss of bladder or bowel control. It can affect both men and women. It ranges from occasional leaks to the complete loss of bladder or bowel control. The causes of incontinence are various, but include lifestyle and physical factors, medications, and genetics. Incontinence Pads Incontinence pads are absorbent pads, reusable or disposable, that are worn inside the pants to absorb urine. These pads are made of materials that draw moisture away from the body, preventing leaks and keeping the skin dry and not irritated. Incontinence pads come in various shapes and sizes to accommodate different levels of incontinence and individual preferences. Incontinence Pants Incontinence pants are absorbent briefs or underwear that can be worn in place of underwear. They are typically used by those with mild to moderate urinary incontinence as they provide more coverage than pads. Since they are more substantial than pads, they tend to not need to be changed as frequently. Incontinence pants come in both single-use and reusable options. Intermittent Self-Catheterization Intermittent self-catheterization (ISC) is a medical procedure in which an individual inserts a catheter (a tiny tube) into their own bladder to empty it periodically. It is commonly used by people who have difficulty emptying their bladder naturally due to various medical conditions. Proper education and training by healthcare professionals are essential for individuals performing intermittent self-catheterization. Internal Sphincter The internal sphincter is a muscular ring or band that surrounds and controls the opening of certain tubular structures in the body. This term often refers to the internal urethral sphincter and internal anal sphincter. These sphincters are involuntary muscles, meaning they are not under conscious control. The internal urethral sphincter surrounds the junction of the bladder and the urethra, where the urethra exits the bladder. This sphincter helps prevent involuntary release of urine from the bladder. It remains contracted to maintain continence and relaxes during voiding to allow urine to flow from the bladder into the urethra. Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to visualize the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. This test involves the injection of a contrast dye into a vein, typically in the arm, followed by a series of X-ray images taken as the contrast travels through the urinary tract. IVP helps identify abnormalities, such as kidney stones, tumors, blockages, or other issues affecting the flow of urine. Intravesical Pressure Intravesical pressure refers to the pressure within the urinary bladder. This pressure is a dynamic parameter that changes during the filling and emptying phases of the bladder. The intravesical pressure is influenced by the contraction of the bladder muscles (detrusor muscle), the resistance at the outlet (urethra), and the compliance of the bladder wall. Abnormalities in intravesical pressure can be indicative of various bladder dysfunctions. back to top K Kegel Exercises Strengthening exercises targeted at the pelvic floor muscles to improve urinary incontinence, pelvic support, and sexual function. The exercises involve contracting and relaxing the pelvic floor muscles, and holding the contraction for a few seconds before relaxing. Repeat the exercises three times a day and aim for three sets of 10 to 15 repetitions a day. It is essential to breathe normally and not to tighten the muscles in the abdomen, thighs, or buttocks during these exercises. Kegel Balls Kegel balls are small, weighted balls designed to be inserted into the vagina for the purpose of pelvic floor muscle exercises. These balls typically consist of one or more small weighted spheres, often made of silicone, plastic, or metal. The weights inside the balls provide resistance, requiring the pelvic floor muscles to contract to keep the balls in place. By strengthening the pelvic floor muscles, kegel balls can help improve bladder control for those experiencing urinary incontinence. Kegel Weights Also known as vaginal or pelvic weights, kegel weights are devices designed to add resistance to Kegel exercises. These weights are intended for insertion into the vagina to challenge and strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. The concept behind Kegel weights is to provide a progressive and targeted way to enhance the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises. It’s important to note that before incorporating Kegel weights or any other pelvic floor exercise tool into your routine, it’s advisable to consult wit healthcare professionals. They can provide guidance on proper usage, help you choose the right weight for your needs, and ensure that the exercises are safe and effective for your individual situation. back to top L Lower Urinary Tract The lower urinary tract refers to the structures and organs involved in the storage and elimination of urine from the body. It includes the bladder and the urethra. Disorders or dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract can lead to various urinary symptoms and conditions, such as incontinence, urinary retention, or urinary tract infections. back to top M Maceration In medical terms, maceration refers to the softening and breakdown of skin or tissue, often due to prolonged exposure to moisture. For example, when the skin is consistently wet, it can become macerated, losing its normal texture and becoming more susceptible to injury or infection. Male Urethra The male urethra is a tubular structure that serves as a passage for the transport of urine and semen. It is a crucial component of the male reproductive and urinary systems. The male urethra is divided into three main segments: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra. Medications for Incontinence There are several medications that can be used to manage urinary incontinence by targeting bladder function or nerve signals. These drugs include anticholinergics, beta-3 agonists, and imipramine, and typically require a prescription from a doctor. Micturition Micturition is the medical term for the act of urination and is a vital physiological process that allows the elimination of waste products from the body. It is the process by which urine is expelled from the bladder through the urethra to the external environment. Disruptions in micturition can be indicative of underlying health conditions. Mixed Incontinence When a combination of urinary incontinence conditions (such as stress and urge incontinence) occur together. The combination of symptoms can vary, with some individuals experiencing more pronounced stress incontinence and others having a greater impact from urge incontinence. The causes can include factors such as pelvic floor muscle weakness, hormonal changes, neurological conditions, and bladder dysfunction. Mucosa Mucosa (mucous membrane) is a type of epithelial tissue that lines various cavities and surfaces throughout the body. It is a moist and protective layer that serves several functions, including secretion, absorption, and protection of underlying tissues. Two examples of mucosa are the gastrointestinal mucous, which lines the stomach and intestines, and the urogenital mucosa, which lines the urinary and reproductive tracts. back to top N Neurogenic Bladder Bladder control dysfunctions (such as urinary incontinence) caused by neurological problems like nerve damage. Nocturnal Enuresis Commonly known as bedwetting, nocturnal enuresis is the involuntary release of urine during sleep in individuals beyond the age at which bladder control is typically established. It is most common in children, but can also affect adults. back to top O Odor Control Products Odor control products in the context of incontinence refer to items designed to manage or neutralize the unpleasant odor associated with urinary or fecal incontinence. Common types of odor control products for incontinence include: odor-neutralizing pads and liners, deodorizing sprays and powders, incontinence briefs with odor control, odor-neutralizing gels, and scented disposable bags. While these products can help manage the odors, they do not address the root causes of incontinence. Proper hygiene practices are essential to managing incontinence-related odors. Overactive Bladder Syndrome Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a medical condition characterized by a frequent and urgent need to urinate, often accompanied by an inability to control the urge. Individuals with OAB may experience an abrupt and compelling need to urinate, even if the bladder is not full, and they may find it challenging to reach the bathroom in time. Key features of OAB include: Urgency: A sudden, strong desire to urinate that is difficult to postpone Frequency: The need to urinate more often than usual, often defined as eight or more times in a 24-hour period. Nocturia: The need to wake up at night to urinate. Urge Incontinence: In some cases, individuals with OAB may experience involuntary urine leakage associated with a strong urge to urinate. Overflow Incontinence Frequent or constant dribbling of urine that occurs when the bladder doesn’t empty properly and is overly full. It is often a result of obstruction or nerve damage. back to top P Pelvic Floor Assessment Pelvic floor assessment refers to the evaluation of the muscles, connective tissues, and other structures in the pelvic floor region. The assessment is often conducted by healthcare professionals to evaluate the function and strength of these muscles and to identify any abnormalities or dysfunctions. It is commonly performed in the context of various pelvic health conditions, including pelvic floor dysfunction, urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and pelvic pain. Pelvic Floor Exercises Pelvic floor exercises, also known as Kegel exercises, are specific exercises that target and strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor and can help with urinary incontinence. To complete pelvic floor exercises, squeeze the pelvic muscles for 3-5 seconds, for a set of 10-15 repetitions. Gradually increase the repetitions as your muscles become stronger. Aim for three sets of 10 repetitions each day. Consistency with these exercises is crucial. Additionally, avoid holding your breath or tightening other muscles while doing pelvic floor exercises. Pelvic Floor Muscles The “sling” of muscles that support the pelvic organs, including the bladder and bowel. In women the pelvic floor muscles support the uterus, vagina, bladder, and bowel. The urethra, vagina, and anus also all pass through the pelvic floor muscles. It has been shown that urinary incontinence can be improved by strengthening these muscles. Pelvic Floor Surgery Pelvic floor surgery refers to surgical procedures performed to address issues or disorders related to the pelvic floor, including urinary incontinence. This type of surgery is often considered when non-surgical treatments have not provided sufficient relief of symptoms related to conditions affecting the pelvic floor. Pelvic floor surgery is considered after a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, and the decision to proceed with surgery is based on factors such as the severity of the symptoms, the impact on the individual’s quality of life, and the potential risks and benefits of the chosen surgical intervention. Pelvic Floor Therapy Pelvic floor therapy, also known as pelvic floor physical therapy or pelvic rehabilitation, is a specialized form of physical therapy that focuses on the muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues of the pelvic floor. The pelvic floor is a complex network of muscles that supports the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus and vagina (in women), and rectum. Pelvic floor therapy aims to assess, treat, and rehabilitate issues related to pelvic floor dysfunction, including urinary incontinence. Perineum The perineum is the diamond-shaped area between the pubic symphysis (the joint at the front of the pelvis) and the coccyx (the tailbone) at the back. In females, the perineum includes the vulva, which consists of the external genitalia. It is supported by several muscles, including the pelvic floor muscles. The perineum is involved in various physiological functions, including childbirth. It undergoes stretching during vaginal delivery to accommodate the passage of the baby. Perineal Irrigation Bottles (Peri Bottles) Peri bottles are specialized squeeze bottles designed to assist with cleansing and maintaining hygiene in the perineal area, which includes the genital and anal regions. They are most commonly used in postpartum care but can be used in the context of incontinence, especially for individuals who may have difficulty with traditional wiping or need a more gentle method of cleansing. Typically have a nozzle or spout at the top, allowing for targeted and controlled spraying of water. Pessary A pessary is a medical device designed to be inserted into the vagina to provide support to the pelvic organs, particularly in cases of pelvic organ prolapse. Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the pelvic organs, such as the uterus, bladder, or rectum, descend or bulge into the vaginal canal due to the weakened pelvic floor muscles and ligaments. Pessaries are recommended for women experiencing symptoms related to pelvic organ prolapse, such as a sensation of pelvic pressure, a bulge in the vagina, or difficulty with bladder or bowel function. Polyuria Polyuria refers to the excessive production of urine, leading to an abnormally high urine output (more than 2.5 liters of urine per day). Individuals with polyuria typically prorduce a larger than normal volume of urine in a given period. This can result from various underlying causes including diabetes (1 and 2), diabetes insipidus, and excessive fluid intake. Individuals with polyuria may experience increased frequency of urination, and dehydration may occur if the increased urine output is not compensated by adequate fluid intake. Post-Void Dribbling Also known as post-micturition dribble, post-void dribbling refers to the involuntary loss of urine that can occur after completing the act of urination. It is characterized by the release of a small amount of urine from the urethra, often after a person believes they have finished emptying their bladder. Causes include: prostate issues (in men), weak pelvic floor muscles, urethral stricture, neurological issues, urethral diverticulum, and aging. Prostate The prostate is a small, walnut-shaped gland that is part of the male reproductive system. It is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. The prostate plays a crucial role in the production of semen, the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm during ejaculation. Prostate health is a significant aspect of men’s overall well-being, and various conditions can affect the prostate including: Prostate Enlargement, Prostatitis, and Prostate Cancer. Prostatectomy Prostatectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the prostate gland. This procedure is commonly performed to treat various conditions affecting the prostate, including prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP), and, less frequently, prostatitis. As with any surgical procedure, the decision to undergo a prostatectomy should be made in consultation with a healthcare professional based on a thorough evaluation of the individual’s specific condition and overall health. Pudendal Nerve The pudendal nerve is a major nerve in the pelvic region that plays a crucial role in the innervation of the genital and surrounding areas. It provides sensory and motor functions to the perineum, which includes the genital and anal regions. The motor functions of the pudendal nerve control the contraction of certain muscles in the pelvis, contributing to functions such as voluntary control of the external anal sphincter. back to top R Reflux The backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters or, in some cases, back into the kidneys. This backward flow is a malfunction in normal flow, as the urine typically flows in just one direction. Reflux itself may not cause noticeable symptoms, but it can contribute to urinary tract infections, and in severe cases, may lead to kidney damage. Residual Urine Residual urine refers to the volume of urine that remains in the bladder after a person has voided during urination. In a healthy urinary system, the bladder should be able to empty completely during voiding. Symptoms include the frequent need to urinate, a sense of incomplete emptying, or urinary urgency. Elevations in the residual urine in the bladder can increase the risk of UTIs and may contribute to bladder or kidney issues over time. Residual urine can be associated with various underlying conditions including: bladder outlet obstruction, neurological disorders, and weak bladder contractions. Reusable Pads/Briefs A reusable pad/brief, specifically for incontinence, is a type of absorbent pad designed to manage the flow of urine and can be washed and reused multiple times. The pads are typically made from washable and durable materials, making them potentially more sustainable and cost-effective. back to top S Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is a medical treatment that involves the electrical stimulation of the sacral nerves to manage certain bladder and bowel disorders. The sacral nerves, located near the base of the spine, play a key role in controlling the muscles and functions of the pelvic floor, including the bladder, bowel, and pelvic organs. This treatment is commonly used to manage conditions such as: overactive bladder, urinary urge incontinence, non-obstructive urinary retention, fecal incontinence, and chronic pelvic pain. Skin Barrier Creams Skin barrier creams are topical formulations designed to protect the skin from irritants, moisture, and other environmental factors. They are frequently used in incontinence care to protect skin from the irritating effects of urine and feces. They can be used proactively, to prevent skin issues, and reactively, to address existing skin concerns. Skin barrier creams are applied to clean, dry skin. Skin Sealant A skin sealant is a product designed to create a protective barrier on the surface of the skin. It is commonly used in various medical and healthcare settings to protect the skin from moisture, irritants, or other potential sources of damage. This protective barrier is particularly useful in managing incontinence-related skin issues. Sling Procedures Surgical procedures targeted at reducing stress urinary incontinence, urinary leakage with sneezing, coughing, laughing, and other physical activities, by placing a supportive sling or mesh in the urethra or bladder neck. Stenosis Stenosis is the abnormal narrowing or constriction of a passage or tubular structure in the body. Stenosis can impede the normal flow of fluids or substances through the affected passage, leading to a range of symptoms and potential complications. Urethral stenosis is the narrowing of the urethra which can affect the flow of urine. Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) When physical activity increases abdominal pressure resulting in involuntary urine leakage. Physical activity can include such things as coughing, sneezing, or exercising. The condition is often a result of weakened pelvic floor muscles and/or the urethral sphincters. Structural Incontinence Structural incontinence refers to urinary incontinence (involuntary loss of urine) that is caused by an anatomical or structural issue within the urinary system. Unlike other types of incontinence that may be related to muscle weakness or nerve dysfunction, structural incontinence is characterized by physical changes or abnormalities that affect the normal functioning of the urinary tract. Suprapubic Indwelling Catheter A suprapubic indwelling catheter is a type of urinary catheter that is inserted into the bladder through a small incision made in the abdominal wall, just above the pubic bone. It is often used in individuals who have difficulty emptying their bladder through the normal urinary pathway. Since this type of catheter bypasses the urethra, it may reduce the risk of urethral complications compared to urethral catheters. Suprapubic catheters are often used when long-term catheterization is required. back to top T Total Incontinence Total incontinence is a medical condition characterized by the inability to control one’s bladder or bowels, leading to the constant and uncontrollable loss of urine or feces. Unlike other forms of incontinence, total incontinence implies a complete lack of control over the urinary or bowel functions. It can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, such as nerve damage, spinal cord injuries, congenital abnormalities, or certain medical procedures. Transient Incontinence Transient incontinence refers to a temporary and reversible loss of bladder or bowel control. It is typically a short-term condition that is often caused by specific factors or underlying issues. Once the underlying cause is addressed or resolved, the incontinence usually improves or disappears. Common causes include: medical conditions (certain illness, infections, or acute medical conditions), temporary lifestyle factors (changes in routine, travel, stress, or dietary habits), and physical impairments (recovering from surgery). Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged. BPHcan lead to urinary symptoms such as difficulty urinating, incomplete emptying of the bladder, and frequent urination. The TURP procedure involves the removal of excess prostate tissue that is causing obstruction to the flow of urine. Trigone The trigone is a triangular-shaped area in the urinary bladder defined by the openings of the ureters and the urethra. The trigone plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the bladder neck and preventing reflux of urine from the bladder back into the ureters. The smooth muscle fibers in this region help provide a valve-like function. The openings of the ureters within the trigone are important for the unidirectional flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The flap-like structure of the ureteral orifices helps prevent the backward flow of urine. Changes in the trigone or abnormalities in this region can be associated with various bladder conditions and may impact urinary function. back to top U Urinary Frequency Frequency refers to the need to urinate frequently, or an abnormally high frequency of urination. It is one symptom individuals may experience when there is a disruption in the normal functioning of the urinary system. Frequency is often assessed as part of a broader evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms. Possible causes include: UTIs, overactive bladder, bladder irritation, bladder outlet obstruction, neurological conditions affecting the bladder, and certain medications. Urethra The tubular structure that connects the bladder to the outside of the body which urine passes through. The urethra plays a crucial role in both men and women in the excretory system by allowing the controlled release of urine from the body. It has sphincters (muscular valves) that help regulate the flow of urine and prevent involuntary leakage. Urethral Bulking Agents Urethral bulking agents are substances injected into the tissues surrounding the urethra to treat urinary incontinence, specifically stress urinary incontinence. Urethral bulking agents are used to enhance urethral closure and reduce the symptoms of incontinence. Common materials used as urethral bulking agents include collagen, silicone particles, polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide hydrogel (Bulkamid) or other biocompatible substances. The effects of these agents are often temporary, and the procedure may need to be repeated periodically to maintain the desired level of urethral support. Urethral Diverticulum A urethral diverticulum is a small pocket or sac that forms along the urethra, typically as a result of a structural abnormality. This pocket may protrude from the urethral wall and can contain urine or mucus, leading to various symptoms and potential complications. Urethral diverticula are more commonly found in women, and they can cause urinary and pelvic issues. Untreated or recurrent urethral diverticula can lead to recurrent urinary tract infections, abscess formation, and the development of urethral strictures. Urethral Hypermobility Urethral hypermobility refers to the excessive movement or descent of the female urethra during activities that increase abdominal pressure, leading to stress urinary incontinence. It occurs when the supportive structures of the female urethra are weakened, allowing the urethra to move downward more than usual. It is often due to factors that weaken the pelvic floor, such as pregnancy, childbirth, and hormonal changes (especially during menopause). Urethral Sling Surgery Urethral sling surgery is a surgical procedure designed to treat stress urinary incontinence in women. The “sling” refers to a supportive material (commonly synthetic mesh or the patient’s own tissue) that is placed underneath the urethra to provide support and improve its closure mechanism. The sling acts as a hammock, helping to lift and support the urethra. Urethral Stricture Urethral stricture is the narrowing of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. This narrowing can lead to difficulties in the flow of urine. It may be a result from inflammation, scar tissue formation, or other factors. Urge Urinary Incontinence The sudden, intense urge to urinate that results in involuntary bladder contraction and leakage. It is often caused by neurological issues, infections, or bladder irritants. It commonly occurs in patients who have OAB. Urinalysis Urinalysis is a diagnostic test that involves the examination of a urine sample to assess various aspects of health, including the function of the kidneys and urinary tract. It is commonly performed as part of a routine health check-up, during the evaluation of symptoms such as frequent urination or abdominal pain, or for monitoring individuals with certain medical conditions. Urinary Incontinence A medical condition in which one experiences involuntary or unintentional leakage of urine, from occasional leaks to the complete loss of bladder control. It is typically caused by lifestyle, health, or physical problems. There are five main types of urinary incontinence: stress incontinence, urge incontinence, mixed incontinence, overflow incontinence, and total incontinence. Urethral Meatus The urethral meatus is the external opening or endpoint of the urethra, and serves as the exit point for urine during the process of urination. In males, the urethra meatus is positioned at the distal end of the penis. In females, the urethra meatus is located within the vestibule, a space between the labia minora. Due to its proximity to the external environment, the urethra meatus can be vulnerable to infections, especially in females. Urodynamic Testing A series of tests that measure bladder pressure and urine flow rate. This type of testing can aid in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence and evaluate overall bladder function. Urinary Tract The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine. It consists of various structures that work together to filter and remove waste products from the blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and expel urine from the body. The main components of the urinary tract include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most UTIs are caused by a bacteria, but they can also be caused by viruses or fungi. Certain factors increase the risk of developing UTIs, including: female anatomy (shorter urethra, proximity to the anus), sexual activity, certain types of birth control, pregnancy, menopause, urinary tract abnormalities, and conditions that affect the immune system. Common symptoms include: pain or a burning sensation during urination, frequent urge to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, lower abdominal pain or discomfort, and fever and chills. Urogenital Atrophy Urogenital atrophy refers to the thinning, drying, and inflammation of the tissues in the urogenital tract, particularly in women. This condition is often associated with hormonal changes, most commonly occurring during menopause when estrogen levels decline. Symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching or burning in the vagina or vulva area, pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse, vaginal irritation or soreness, and urinary symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Urology Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of conditions related to the urinary tract system and the male reproductive system. Urologists, the doctors who specialize in urology, are trained to address a wide range of disorders and diseases that affect the kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, and male reproductive organs, such as the prostate, testes, and penis. Common conditions and concerns that fall within the scope of urology include: UTIs, kidney stones, incontinence, prostate disorders, bladder disorders, male infertility, erectile dysfunction, bladder disorders, urological cancers, and pediatric urology. back to top V Video-Cystourethrogram (VCUG) A video-cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to visualize and assess the structure and function of the urinary bladder and urethra. It is often performed to evaluate conditions such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract abnormalities, and other issues affecting the lower urinary tract. During a VCUG, a contrast agent is introduced into the bladder through a catheter. X-ray images or fluoroscopy is then used to capture real-time images of the bladder and urethra as the patient urinates. Voiding Voiding is the emptying of the bladder by releasing urine through the urethra. Voiding is a natural and essential function of the urinary system, allowing the body to eliminate waste and maintain a balance of fluids. Disorders or conditions that affect normal voiding processes may lead to symptoms such as urinary retention, urinary incontinence, or difficulty initiating or completing urination. back to top ### Disclaimer \\* This glossary is for informational purposes only, whether or not it features the advice of physicians and/or medical practitioners. This glossary is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice. Any views expressed in this article are the views of the experts cited herein and do not necessarily represent the views of Attn: Grace. Have more questions? 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